Report on Refusal to Deal with a Rival Under Unilateral Conduct Laws

This paper is based on the responses of agencies and NGAs from 43 jurisdictions to a UCWG questionnaire. The report broadly addresses the analysis of actual and constructive refusals to deal; evaluating essential facilities; refusal to deal involving intellectual property, regulated industries, and state-created monopolies; margin squeeze; justifications and defenses; and remedies.